Science · Scientific investigation
Data, Evidence, and Scientific Explanations
Estimated time includes reading and one quiz. Take the time you need.
Start here: key ideas
- An observation is directly measured or noticed.
- An inference is an interpretation of observations.
- A conclusion answers the question using evidence.
- A trend describes an overall pattern, not every point.
- Variation and uncertainty limit confidence.
- Strong reasoning explains why evidence supports a claim.
What you’ll be able to do
- Tell observation from inference and conclusion.
- Describe a trend without ignoring variation.
- Judge whether evidence supports a claim.
- Connect claims, evidence, and reasoning.
Separate observations from interpretations, read trends with uncertainty, and build evidence-based explanations.
Optional review
If you’d like to review the basics, visit Experimental Design and the Scientific Method. You can start this lesson without completing those first.
Separate what was seen from what it may mean
An observation states what was directly measured or noticed: “The liquid temperature rose from 20°C to 28°C.” An inference interprets that fact: “A reaction may have released heat.”
A conclusion answers the study question using the results. Keep these steps separate so an interpretation is not presented as a direct measurement.
Use neutral wording for observations. “Five plants were 2 cm taller” reports data. “The treatment made plants healthier” adds an interpretation unless health was directly defined and measured.
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